Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are important for improving the usability and accessibility of digital systems. Eye movement-based HMIs offer a new and user-friendly way to interact with technology, especially for digital display systems. These technologies enhance user experience and accessibility by allowing users to control and modify digital devices with their natural gaze behaviour. This study reviews the concepts, processes, challenges, and applications of eye-tracking technology in HMIs. It emphasizes the potential of these systems in both assistive and mainstream applications. The study highlights significant scientific contributions, identifies hardware and software innovations, evaluates usability, and discusses possible future developments. HMI systems have evolved to support various users, including those with physical limitations, by using complex mechanisms and manual controls. Keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are examples of traditional manual technologies that have dominated digital display interaction. Alternative methods have been developed for those without hands, including voice control, eye tracking, and modified devices. The development and history of manual HMI systems, the challenges faced by individuals without hands while utilizing traditional interfaces, and the most recent technical developments that offer accessible solutions are all examined in this review of the literature. The assessment highlights developments in inclusive design while also pointing out areas that require further research to provide equitable access to digital systems [4].
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Human-Machine Interface (HMI), Blink Detection, Pupil Movement, Facial Landmark Detection, Eye-Gaze Technology, Eye-Tracking, Assistive Technology, Hands-Free Computing, Upper, Limb Disabilities [1].
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